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May 3, 2011  |  By ENCOD In Uncategorized

LA GÉOPOLITIQUE DE L’ILLICITE

arton3102

Source: Magazine Diplomatie

2.05.11


Les trafics illicites, c’est-à-dire « contraires aux lois des États et aux lois internationales », se sont développés grâce à l’essor des échanges et de la mondialisation d’une part, et à la multiplication des règlements qui ont progressivement rendu officiellement illégales des petites contrebandes davantage considérées comme coutumières que délictuelles.

Cette nouvelle économie globalisée est devenue l’un des principaux fruits de la mondialisation. Le blanchiment d’argent issu de trafics illicites représenterait ainsi entre 2 % et 5 % du PIB mondial (1), selon les estimations les plus courantes, soit entre 1 240 et 3 100 milliards d’USD.

Cette économie souterraine constitue un véritable fléau économique et politique pour les États, dont certains voient une partie de leur territoire échapper à tout contrôle. Il en est de même pour les entreprises (généralement multinationales) qui se trouvent mises indûment en concurrence avec des produits contrefaits, souvent dangereux par ailleurs. Les sociétés civiles sont également affectées, notamment dans les pays les moins avancés, qui voient leurs populations confrontées à des contre-pouvoirs mafieux, sanguinaires et souvent lourdement armés.

Les conséquences internes des trafics d’armes, de drogues, ou encore de la traite des êtres humains participent chaque jour à l’insécurité de nombreux territoires. Si certains de ces territoires sont clairement identifiés (Transnistrie en Moldavie, État de Chihuahua au Mexique, Triangle d’Or en Asie du Sud-Est, etc.), d’autres revêtent des contours plus flous. Les trafics illicites n’évitent pas en effet les grandes places financières occidentales, qui servent avant tout d’immenses usines à retraiter l’argent sale. En ce domaine, la législation internationale reste bien timide.

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LA GÉOPOLITIQUE DE L’ILLICITE